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Umbreit, Hans. Der Militärbefehlshaber in Frankreich 1940–1944. Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag, 1968.
U.S. Department of State, Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945, Series D. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956, 1964.
van der Geest, Jack. Was God on Vacation? A WWII Autobiography. Highlands Ranch, CO: Van der Geest Publishing, 1999.
Venner, Dominique. Les Armes de la Résistance. Paris: Pensée Moderne, 1976.
von Schramm, Wilhelm. Conspiracy Among Generals. Translated by R. T. Clark. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1956.
Warner, Geoffrey. Pierre Laval and the Eclipse of France. New York: Macmillan, 1968.
Articles. See also Newspapers.
“1947: Fernand de Brinon, Vichy minister with a Jewish wife.” April 15, 2008. www.executedtoday.com/2008/04/15/1947-fernand-de-brinon-vichy-minister-with-a-jewish-wife/.
“An American Diplomat in Vichy France.” 1986. adst.org/2013/07/an-american-diplomat-in-vichy-france/.
Best, Werner. “Die deutsche Militärverwaltung in Frankreich.” Reich, Volksordnung, Lebensraum, Vol. 1, 29-76. 1941.
“Cohors-Asturies,” https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohors-Asturies.
“Comment armer les milices,” En avant, organe régional des jeunesses communistes du Nord, août 1944.
Conan, Eric. “Jean-Pierre Ingrand: Les regrets d’un serviteur de Vichy.” L’Express, August 8, 1991. www.lexpress.fr/actualite/politique/les-regrets-d-un-serviteur-de-vichy_492450.html.
“Contre la terreur nazie.” Combat, organe du mouvement de libération nationale, N° 56, avril 1944.
de Loisey, Phillibert. “Le déclarations d’armes de 1942–43,” Gazette des armes, Mai 2004.
“Déportés politiques à Auschwitz, le convoi du 6 juillet 1942.” politique-auschwitz.blogspot.com/2010/12/lanoue-moise-lucien-alexis.html.
Dutailly, Colonel Henry. “Les armes des Maquis Haut-Marnais.” Revue de la société des amis du musée de l’armée, n° 109 (juin 1995).
“Francesc Macià,” www.catalangovernment.eu/pres_gov/government/en/president/presidents/macia.html.
“German Weapon Registry to Take Effect in 2013.” Deutsche Welle. December 18, 2012. http://www.dw.de/german-weapon-registry-to-take-effect-in-2013/a-16461910.
Halbrook, Stephen P., “Congress Interprets the Second Amendment: Declarations by a Co-Equal Branch on the Individual Right to Keep and Bear Arms,” Tennessee Law Review 62:597 (Spring 1995).
———. “Why Can’t We Be Like France? How the Right to Bear Arms Got Left Out of the Declaration of Rights and How Gun Registration was Decreed Just in Time for the Nazi Occupation,” Fordham Urban Law Journal, no. 5, 39:1637-94 (October 2012).
James, Garry. “French Model 1873 Revolver.” American Rifleman, November 2012, 130.
Kahn, Jeffrey. “‘Protection and Empire’: The Martens Clause, State Sovereignty, and Individual Rights.” 56 Virginia Journal of International Law 56:1-49 (2016).
“La restitution des armes de chasse déposées aux autorités allemandes.” Le Saint-Hubert, n° 4, 40e année, juillet-août 1941, 37.
“Le Journal de la Libération de la France.” L’Evenement du Jeudi, August 18–24, 1994.
Le Moigne, Jean-Paul and Stéphane Nerrant. “Commentaire critique et comparé de la Proposition de loi n°2773 du 30 juillet 2010.” Gazette des Armes, 14 août 2010. www.armes-ufa.com/spip.php?article678.
“Le Président Laval a de Nombreux entretiens a Paris. Cherbourg-Eclair, 18 Juin 1943. http://www.normannia.info/ark%3A/86186/wkc9.
“Léon Bérard,” www.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/_fiche_14-19.asp?num_dept=650.
Lévy, Général Gilles. “Les Maquis d’Auvergne dans la Résistance: Pourquoi le Mont-Mouchet?” lesamitiesdelaresistance.fr/lien1-maquis.php.
“Morts au Champ d’Honneur. France.” Combat, n° 36, novembre 1942.
“Morts pour la France.” Combat, août 1942.
“The Nazi Deadline.” American Rifleman, February 1942, 7.
“NBC Tells France.” Time, May 26, 1941. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765661,00.html.
“Ni Allemands, ni Russes, ni Anglais.” Défense de la France, N° 3, 20 novembre 1941, reprinted in Le Journal Défense de la France (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1961).
“Prominent Rabbi Calls on Europe to Allow Jews to Carry Guns.” www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189932#.VLas7Xtlbm6.
“Réseau Cohors-Asturies.” sgmcaen.free.fr/resistance/reseau-cohors-asturies.htm.
Ridgeway, Greg. Summary of Select Firearm Violence Prevention Strategies. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 2013. http://www.firearmsandliberty.com/PDF-News/nij-gun-policy-memo.pdf.
“Troisième République.” http://www.histoire-france-web.fr/republique_3/lebrun.
Weidinger, Otto. Comrades to the End. Quoted in www.oradour.info/ruined/chapter6.htm.
Williams, Michael. In a Ruined State: The Full Story of Oradour-sur-Glane 10th June 1944. 2011. www.oradour.info/ruined/chapter7.htm.
Correspondence
Charmeau, Louis Maurice, président de l’Union Départementale des Combattants Volontaires de la Résistance. Bordeaux, France. Letter to author, June 10, 2003.
“Civils Arrêtés dans le Departement du Cher pour Detention D’Armes sous l’Occupation (20 Juin 1940–4 Septembre 1944).” Document attached to letter to author from Marcel Demnet, November 13, 2002.
Créau, Noël, ancien président national, Amicales des Anciens Parachutistes S.A.S. et des Anciens Commandos de la France Libre. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. Letter to author, February 4, 2002. For more details on Noël Créau, see www.francaislibres.net/liste/fiche.php?index=62760.
Daguier, Maurice, president, Ceux de la Libération. Response to author’s questionnaire, February 27, 2002.
Demange, Jacques, vice-président de l’association d’anciens combattants du village. Mont-sur-Meurthe, France. Letter to author, June 3, 2003.
Demnet, Marcel. Response to author’s questionnaire, November 13, 2002.
Faisant, Guy. Rennes, France. Response to author’s questionnaire, undated (circa 2000).
Lenogré, Yves. Périgueux, France. Letter to author, January 15, 2000.
Lévy, Gilles. Saint Maur des Fossés, France. Response to author’s questionnaire, October 4, 1999.
Marchiset, André. Raddon Haute-Saône, France. Response to author’s questionnaire, undated (circa 2000).
Michel, Général Pierre. Paris, France. Response to author’s questionnaire, October 18, 1999.
“Rafle du Cafe de l’Eglise aux Forges,” document attached to letter from Marcel Demnet, November 13, 2002.
Newspapers
Der Bund (Bern)
Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel
L’Echo de paris
L’Homme Libre
Le Figaro
Le Matin
Le Saint-Hubert
Le Temps
Neue Zürcher Zeitung
New York Times
Reichsgesetzblatt
The Times (London)
Völkische Beobachter
United States Legal Citations
18 United States Code §§ 922(t)(2), 926(a).
Congressional Record
Property Requisition Act, Pub. L. 274, 55 U.S. Statutes 742. 1941.
United States v. Goering, 6 Federal Rules Decisions 69. International Military Tribunal in Session at Nuremberg 1946–47.
French Legal Citations
1ère séance du 6 décembre 1935, Journal Officiel (J.O.). débats parlementaires, 7 décembre 1935.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French), Art. 2. 1789.
Décret ayant pour objet d’augmenter les effectifs de la garde républicaine mobile, 23 Octobre 1935. lecahiertoulousain.free.fr/Textes/decret_1935_effectif.html.
Décret-loi du 18 avril 1939 fixant le régime des matériels de guerre, armes et munitions, Journal Officiel, 13 juin 1939, 7463
-7466.
Décret-loi du 23 octobre 1935 portant réglementation des mesures relatives au renforcement du maintien de l’ordre public. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006071320&dateTexte=vig.
Décret portant réglementation de l’importation, de la fabrication, du commerce et de la détention des armes, Journal Officiel, 24 octobre 1935.
Journal Officiel, Lois et Décrets, 25 October 1935, 11202-4.
Loi du 4 septembre 1942 relative à l’utilisation et à l’orientation de la main-d’œuvre. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000882881&categorieLien=id.
Loi N° 773 du 7 août 1942 punissant de la peine de mort la détention d’explosifs et les dépôts d’armes, Journal Officiel, N° 189, 8 août 1942.
Loi N° 1005 du 31 décembre 1942 modifiant la loi du 3 décembre 1942 fixant le régime des matériels de guerre, armes et munitions, Journal Officiel, N° 21, 24 janvier 1943.
Loi N° 1061 du 3 décembre 1942 modifiant le décret du 18 avril 1939 fixant le régime des matériels de guerre, armes et munitions, Journal Officiel, N° 290, 4 décembre 1942.
Loi N° 1065 du 5 décembre 1942 modifiant la loi N° 1061 du 3 décembre 1942 fixant le régime des matériels de guerre, armes et munitions, Journal Officiel, N° 292, 6 décembre 1942.
Loi du 3 juillet 1943 n° 381 modifiant la loi n° 1061 du 3 décembre 1942 fixant le regime des materiels de guerre, armes et munitions, Journal Officiel, 4 juillet 1943.
Ordonnance concernant la détention d’armes et de radio-émetteurs dans les territoires occupés, on display at the Musée de l’Ordre de la Libération, Paris.
Ordonnance du 5 juni 1942 modifiant l’ordonnance du 10 mai 1940, concernant la détention des armes en territoire occupé de la France, Verordnungsblatt des Militärbefehlshabers in Frankreich (VOBIF), No. 64, 5 juni 1942, 385.
Ordonnance du 10 mai 1940 sur la détention d’armes en territoire occupé, Verordnungsblatt für die besetzten französischen Gebiete, n° 1, 4 juillet 1940.
Film
Die Deutsche Wochenschau. No. 506, 15 May 1940, UfA, Ton-Woche. Reproduced by International Historic Films, vol. 2, disk 1. Available at ihffilm.com/22902.html. Newsreel.
Is Paris Burning? Directed by René Clément. Hollywood, CA: Paramount Pictures, 1966.
La Libération de Paris. A documentary film written by Pierre Bost. Paris: Le Comité de Libération du Cinéma Français, France Libre Actualités. 1944.https://archive.org/download/LaLiberationdeParis1944/LaLiberationdeParis1944.mp4.
La Mer à l’Aube (Calm at Sea). Directed by Volker Schlöndorff. Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France: Arte Éditions, 2012. DVD.
Paris brûle-t-il? Directed by René Clément. Hollywood, CA: Paramount Pictures, 1966.
Credits for Illustrations
The following photos/images are published with the permission of the listed entities.
Bundesarchiv
On May 10, 1940, Germany launched…Poster Ordinance… (Bundesarchiv, Transit Film GmbH)
French troops of the 14th regimen… (Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-126-0311-14 / Heinz Fremke)
Wehrmacht troops march into Paris, June 14,1940… (Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1994-036-09A / Horst Sturm)
The carriage at Compiègne, June 22, 1940… (Bundesarchiv, Bild 146-1982-089-18 / Horst Sturm)
Laval with Karl Oberg…1943… (Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H25719 / Horst Sturm)
Archives Ardennes
“Firearms, Munitions, and Explosives: Very Important Notice”… (Armes a feu, 1919-1946, 4Mb, Occupation Allemande. Archives départementales, Département des Ardennes, Charleville-Mézières)
The Image Works
An anti-government demonstration in Paris…1934… (ERVL0016203©Roger-Viollet) Collaborators: F. de Brinon and General O. von Stülpnagel…1941… (ERVL0208506 ©LAPI/Roger-Viollet)
Ullstein Bilderdienst
French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval signs accord…1935… (Keystone, Ullstein Bilderdienst, 01022355)
Le Saint Hubert Club de France
A German arms depot storing 60,000 hunting guns… (Le Saint-Hubert, Juillet-Août 1941, 37. Le Saint Hubert Club de France)
Musée de l’ordre de la Libération
Ordonnance / Decree Concerning the Possession of Arms and Radio Transmitters in the Occupied Territories… (Musée de l’Ordre de la Libération, Paris)
Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz
Vichy France meets with the Führer…1942… (Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Art Resource, NY, ART540476 / Heinrich Hoffmann)
Franz Stock
A Wehrmacht execution squad shoots members of the Manouchian resistance group… 1944… (Les Amis de Franz Stock)
Dominique Venner
Citizens with hunting guns…surrender their arms… (Dominique Venner, Les Armes de la Résistance (Paris: Pensée Moderne, 1976), 146.)
Bridgeman Images
Rifle instruction for members of the Maquis… (Training young Resistance fighters, 1944 / Bridgeman Images)
National Museum of the U.S. Navy
At the barricades with pistols and rifles in the liberation of Paris…1944… (National Museum of the U.S. Navy, Lot 4568-4)
Associated Press
The execution of Pierre Laval, found guilty of treason…1945… (Associated Press, 451015062)
About the Author
STEPHEN P. HALBROOK is a Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute. He has taught legal and political philosophy at George Mason University, Howard University, and Tuskegee Institute, and he received his J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center and Ph.D. in social philosophy from Florida State University.
The winner of three cases before the U.S. Supreme Court (Printz v. United States, United States v. Thompson/Center Arms Company, and Castillo v. United States), he has testified before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution, Subcommittee on Crime of the House Judiciary Committee, Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, and House Committee on the District of Columbia.
A contributor to numerous scholarly volumes, he is the author of the books, Gun Control in the Third Reich: Disarming the Jews and “Enemies of the State”; The Founders’ Second Amendment: Origins of the Right to Bear Arms; That Every Man Be Armed: Evolution of a Constitutional Right; A Right to Bear Arms; Firearms Law Deskbook: Federal and State Criminal Practice; Securing Civil Rights: Freedmen, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Right to Bear Arms; State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees; and Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II. Dr. Halbrook’s scholarly articles have appeared in such journals as the Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Drug Law Report, George Mason University Law Review, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Journal of Law and Policy, Law & Contemporary Problems, National Law Journal, Northern Kentucky Law Review, St. John’s Journal of Legal Commentary; Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal, Tennessee Law Review, University of Dayton Law Review, Valparaiso University Law Review, Vermont Law Review, and William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal.
Dr. Halbrook’s popular articles have appeared in such publications as The Wall Street Journal, Newsday, San Francisco Chronicle, USA Today, Washington Times, National Review, Investor’s Business Daily, Kansas City Star, Washington Examiner, Shreveport Times, Sacramento Bee, Providence Journal, Tampa Tribune, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, History News Network, San Antonio Express-News, The Daily Caller, Detroit News, Honolulu Star Advertiser, Birmingham News, and Environmental Forum. He has also appeared on numerous national TV/radio programs on CNN, Fox News Network, Fox Business Channel, Court TV, NewsMax TV, CBN, Voice of America, and C-SPAN. He has also appeared on numerous national TV/radio programs on CNN, Fox News Network, Fox Business Channel, Court TV, NewsMax TV, CBN, Voice of America, and C-SPAN.
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